Current Issue : July-September Volume : 2026 Issue Number : 3 Articles : 5 Articles
The increasing reliance on digital technologies has significantly influenced the organization and scale of international trade, placing digital trade at the forefront of contemporary economic analysis. Despite this growing relevance, there is still no consensus on how digital trade should be conceptualized and empirically measured. This paper examines existing approaches to digital trade measurement with the aim of identifying their main methodological and practical limitations. The analysis is based on a structured review of relevant literature and follows a deductive analytical framework. Attention is given to challenges related to data availability, the classification of digitally enabled transactions, and differences in regulatory practices across countries. The paper also reviews recent initiatives and methodological proposals designed to improve the accuracy and comparability of digital trade statistics. The findings indicate that measurement efforts remain constrained by fragmented data sources, uneven regulatory implementation, insufficient standardization, and the increasing presence of digital protectionist policies. By critically assessing current measurement practices, this paper contributes to ongoing academic and policy discussions on improving the reliability and consistency of digital trade statistics....
Controlled Environment Agriculture has the potential to achieve food security and lower carbon emissions in agri-food systems. However, contextual factors such as what is produced and how it is produced determine the feasibility of meeting these goals. Here we show how the use of a Maximum Energy-use Threshold, shaped by these contextual factors, can define, identify and enable low-carbon operations. Results support the potential of low-carbon controlled environment agriculture over international import when growing leafy greens in land-locked countries with low grid emission factors or when substituting air freight of short shelf-life produce. Prospective low-carbon energy scenarios helps but optimising energy use remains critical. As controlled environment agriculture allows intensive farming with a reduced land footprint, controlled environment agriculture of high energy use crops as a lower-carbon alternative can be supported when the potential for agricultural land substitution and restoration for environmental services is considered, along with other contextual condition....
With the rapid development of cross-border agricultural e-commerce, consumer reviews have become a critical data source reflecting product quality and service experience. This study focuses on consumer reviews of agricultural products on cross-border e-commerce platforms and employs natural language processing techniques, specifically LDA topic modeling and BERT-based sentiment analysis, to explore consumer feedback on language services—including product translation, cultural adaptation, and customer service communication. The findings reveal that consumer reviews mainly center on four key themes: product quality, logistics service, price perception, and taste and flavor. Among these, language-service-related feedback primarily concerns translation accuracy, cultural appropriateness of expression, and customer service communication efficiency. Based on the sentiment analysis results, this study proposes optimization strategies for language services in cross-border agricultural e-commerce, including the development of standardized terminology databases, AI-assisted translation enhancement, and cross-cultural expression adaptation, thereby providing decision-making support for language services in agricultural product exports....
Central Europe is projected to lose up to 25% of its crop productivity by 2050 because of climate change, posing significant challenges to agricultural systems and food security. Effective adaptation strategies must consider not only domestic impacts but also global climate effects, including international trade dynamics. We performed a multilevel analysis of climate change impacts on agriculture, using the Czech Republic, a landlocked, crop production-based economy with an open market, as a case study. We integrated the global biosphere management model (GLOBIOM) with the gridded global crop model EPICIIASA. Climate impacts were projected with five global circulation models under three climate scenarios, with and without CO2 fertilization, and applied in national, EU-regional, and global productivity change scenarios. The results show that national-only assessments underestimate both risks and opportunities: production is projected to decline by up to 9% when global interactions are excluded but to increase by up to 8% when trade and market effects are included. Autonomous adaptation mechanisms, such as cropland reallocation, shifts in management intensity, and trade adjustments, buffer biophysical yield losses and improve economic outcomes. Neglecting global interactions in national climate change assessments increases the risk of maladaptation and policy inefficiencies. The incorporation of international market linkages enhances the ability to design robust adaptation strategies, enabling countries such as the Czech Republic to maximize resilience while minimizing environmental and socioeconomic trade-offs....
This paper examines how the location of the upstream firm shapes optimal trade policy in a vertically related industry. Following the framework of Bernhofen (1997), when the upstream firm is located inside or outside the exporting country, trade policy affects welfare not only through horizontal competition in the final-good market but also through vertical interactions with an upstream firm possessing market power. In such a setting, export policies (tariffs or subsidies) influence the derived demand elasticity faced by the upstream firm, thereby altering its pricing behavior and the allocation of rents across countries....
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